1. error/ mistake/ fault
Ⅰ.error的意思是错误、过失,指背离某种准则的偏差,表示精确、不正确、不对。在本组词中,这个词用得最广泛。例如:
① This is an error in grammar. 这是一个语法上的错误。
② He made an error in opinion. 你的意见有错误。
Ⅱ. mistake “错误”, 指由于粗心、疏忽、缺乏正确的理解等原因而造成的“错误”。与error可通用,但在某些固定词组中不能换用。如:
by mistake. In error 等。如:
① You have made a mistake in your spelling. 你在拼写上弄错了。
② I took his umbrella by mistake. 我拿错了他的伞。
Ⅲ. fault“缺点、毛病”也可表“过失、过错”含有当事人对造成的过错有责任的意味。如:
① With all his faults , he is still a good comrade. 尽管他有缺点,分还是一个好同志。
2. even if / even though/ though
三者都可以引导让步状语从句。Even if 与even though一般可以换用,意为“即使、纵然”,引出的从句叙述的是假设或把握我大的事情,有时动词可用虚拟语气;though 意思是“虽然”,引出的从句叙述的是事实。如:
① He won’t tell me about it though he knows the news 虽然他知道这个消息但他不愿意告诉我。(他是肯定知道的)
② He won’t tell me about it even if / though he knows the news 即使他知道这个消息,但他不愿意告诉我。(他对消息或知或我知,句子含有一定的推测意味)
③ I will try even if I may fail. 即使失败,我也要尝试一下。
④ Though it was very late, he went on working. 虽然很晚了,他还继续工作。
[注] though 和but 不能同时出现在句中。
3. evening/ night
Ⅰ.evening的意思是“傍晚、晚上”,指从晚餐至就寝这段时间,如:
① I must start by tomorrow evening. 我至迟到明天傍晚必须动身。
② We have a film every Saturday evening. 我们每星期六晚上都有电影。
Ⅱ.night的意思是“夜、夜里、晚上”,指从日落到日出或从黄昏到拂晓这段时间。如:
① They spent the night in the forest. 他们在森林里过夜。
② We sleep during the night and work during the day. 我们夜里睡觉,白天工作。
③ We saw the play on the first night. 这戏第一晚上演我们就看了。
4. every day/ everyday
Ⅰ.every day连写和分开,不但在句中的作用不同,意义也不同。 every day是副词词组,意为“每天、天天”,在句中作状语。如:
We go to school every day.
Ⅱ.everyday是形容词,意为“日常的、普通的”,在句中作定语。如:
I study everyday English every day.
5. every one/ everyone
Ⅰ.every one是“每个”的意思,通常指物,后面常跟of短语。但跟of短语的every one既可指人,也可指物。具体指什么要看of短语的内容。如:
① He ate up every one of those apples.他把那些苹果一个个都吃完了。
② Every one of us went there. 我们每个人都去了那儿。
Ⅱ.everyone是代词(=everybody),意思是“每个人、人人”,但一般不指具体哪个人,后接单数动词。如果需要跟物主代词,应用their或his,其后不跟of引起的介词短语。如:
① Is everyone here?
② Everyone can do it.
[注]every one后不与of连用时,即可指人又可指物,指人时与everyone 相同。如:
Everyone (every one) can do it.
every one与of连用必须分开写。
everyone 与not连用,只表示部分否定,并不是每个人的意思。
6. examination/ test/ quiz
Ⅰ.examination表示考试的意思是,通常指比较正式的考试,如学期考试、入学考试等。如:
① We have an examination in English today.我们今天考英语。
② The students did very well in the terminal examination. 学生们学期考试成绩很好。(这里指多门课程的考试,故examination 用复数形式)
③ They’ve passed the entrance examination for Nanjing Teachers’ College. 他们通过南京师范学院的入学考试。
Ⅱ.test表示考试的意思时,指小考或考查。如:
① We are going to have a midterm test next week.。我们下周进行期中考试。
② The teacher gave us a test in grammer. 老师对我们进行了语法考查。
Ⅲ.quiz表示小考测验的意思时,指事先无准备,随时进行的短促的测验。如:
① The teacher gave us a five-minute quiz.老师对我们进行了一次五分钟的测验。
② How ofter do you have your quiz? 你们多长时间测验一次?
7. exciting/ excited
Ⅰ. exciting 与excited 都含有“激动”的意思,在句中可作定语或表语。
exciting 指某事物“令人兴奋、激动”,主语常是物。如:
① Skiing is more exditing than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更令人兴奋。
② It was an exciting match. 那是一场激动人心的比赛。
Ⅱ. excited 表示某人对某事物“感到兴奋、激动”,主语常是人。如:
① The boys were excited when they saw their team was winning 男孩们看到自己的球队要赢了,都十分激动。
② The excited children were opening their Christmas presents.兴奋的孩子们正在打开各自的圣诞礼物。
[注意]英语中与它有类似用法的词常见的还有:
interested 感兴趣的 interesting 令人感兴趣的
worried 感到着急的 worrying 令人着急的
tired 感到疲倦 tiring 令人疲倦的
bored 觉得厌烦的 boring 令人厌烦的
frightened 感到害怕的 frightening 令人害怕的
8. excuse …for/ excuse … from
Ⅰ. excuse … for “原谅某事”。如:
① He excused me for being late. 他原谅我迟到了。
② Please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. 请原谅我没经你允许就用了你的电话。
Ⅱ. excuse … from “使免于……,允许不……”如:
① The teacher excused him from the examination. 教师同意他免试。
② The boy was excused from doing housework. 允许这男孩不做家务事。
9. expect/ wait
Ⅰ.expect 是及物动词,作“期待,预料,指望”解,表“期待某人会来或某事会发生”的意思,后接名词、代词、动词不定式或从句。如:
① We expected you yesterday. 我们昨天就盼你来。
② We expect to meet you again next year. 我们期待明年再见到你。
▲ expect 可引申为汉语的“等待”,多用于进行时态,主要指“期盼”的心理状态,其后不可接介词for. 如:
③ Mr Brown was anxious. He was expecting you.布朗先生很焦急,他在等着你来呢?
Ⅱ. wait 是不及物动词,常常与for连用,主要指“等候”的具体行为。如:
① Xiao Hu is waiting to have a word with you. 小胡等着和你说几句话。
② I have a month to wait yet. 我还得等一个月。
③ We are waiting for a bus. 我们在等公共汽车。
10. family/ home/ house
这三个词都可以作“家”讲。
Ⅰ.house指供一家人住的房子,侧重于具体的建筑物。如:
There are four rooms in the house.
Ⅱ.family指由父母、子女所组成的家庭,是集体名词,既可把它看成单数(指整体概念),以可视为复数名词(指家庭成员)。如:
① His family is a large one. 他的家是一个大家庭。
② My family are all watching TV. 我们家的人在看电视。
Ⅲ.home指一个人出生或居住的地方,具有抽象的含义。如:
Hise is home near the station. 他的家在火车站附近。
另外,home还可作副词。如:Let’s go home.